R2 version 4.02 July 2020
R2 is a forward/inverse solution for 3d or 2d current flow in a quadrilateral or triangular mesh.
The inverse solution is based on a regularised objective function combined with weighted least squares (an 'Occams' type solution) as defined in Binley and Kemna (2005) and Binley (2015).Electrodes can be placed on the ground surface or in boreholes. Topography is easily accounted for in the finite element mesh. A 32bit and 64bit version for Intel compatible processors are provided in the download. Executables for other platforms are available from the author.
The current (64 bit) version has no problem size limits.
R2 will allow time-lapse inversion of resistivity data and also contains features allowing regularisation disconnect and zoning within the region of investigation. If requested by the user, in inverse mode R2 will output a resolution matrix or sensitivity map.
R2 will output inverse models in x,y,z ASCII format suitable for plotting with third party software. R2 also produces vtk formatted output allowing quick plotting with Paraview
Changes to R2 from v4.01
If the starting model satisfies the data then output is generated (previously the files were left empty).Changes to R2 from v4.0
The calculation of resolution matrix has been improved. Checks for vtk output of negative values of resolution matrix made. Minor edits to output and documentation.Changes from R2 v3.3
General quadrilateral mesh input now an option. Specification of dirichlet node in mesh.dat changed. Some bug fixes and input file error checking.
Changes from R2 v3.2
Minor bug fixesChanges from R2 v3.1
In a difference inversion the vtk output file now contains the percentage differences. Error checks on input of the data file (protocol.dat) are now made (to avoid incorrect electrode numbering). Output of a vtk file containing inversion results at each iteration is now included (previously this was only output to a .dat file). Some utility codes have been added to help with creating triangular meshes. A bug fix when using a triangular mesh has been fixed. Third party codes and scripts have been added. Documentation has been improved by adding more illustration of meshing and parameterisation.Download R2
Note that there is no installation script to run. The R2 executable should be copied to a working folder and run from there. Examples are provided (see download below).User guide (pdf)
Download R2 program and guide ( .zip file)
pyres: Python wrapper for R2
Kevin Befus has written a useful Python wrapper for R2. Details can be found in:Befus, K. M. (2018), pyres: a Python wrapper for electrical resistivity modeling with R2, J. Geophys. Eng., 15(2), 338-346, doi:10.1088/1742-2140/aa93ad.
And on GitHub
ResIPy (formerly pyR2): NEW Python GUI for R2 (and sister codes)
Guillaume Blanchy (formerly Lancaster), Sina Saneiyan (formerly Rutgers, now Oklahoma) and Jimmy Boyd (Lancaster) have developed ResIPy: a python GUI for R2 and sister codes. The GUI is open source and standalone executables are available at the ResIPy gitlab site. More information is also available at the ResIPy ResearchGate site. See also Blanchy et al.(2020).Example applications of R2 (send more to A Binley)
"Unravelling soil water dynamics in almond orchards characterized by soil-heterogeneity using electrical resistivity tomography" by Vanella et al.(2022)"Hydrogeophysical Inversion of Time-Lapse ERT Data to Determine Hillslope Subsurface Hydraulic Properties" by Pleasants et al.(2022)
"ERT Feasibility Study to Assess Unknown Bridge Foundation Depth" by Cardoso and Lopes(2022)
"Seasonal shifts in surface water-groundwater connections in a ferricrete-impacted stream estimated from electrical resistivity" by Rickel at al.(2021)
"Reservoir prescriptive management combining electric resistivity tomography and machine learning" by Dell’Aversana(2021)
"Hydrogeophysical comparison of hillslope critical zone architecture for different geologic substrates" by Parsekian et al.(2021)
"Parameterization of a hydrologic model with geophysical data to simulate observed subsurface return flow paths" by Claes et al.(2020)
"The Effect of Hurricane Irma Storm Surge on the Freshwater Lens in Big Pine Key, Florida using Electrical Resistivity Tomography" by Kiflai et al.(2019)
"Solute Transport and Transformation in an Intermittent, Headwater Mountain Stream with Diurnal Discharge Fluctuations" by Ward et al.(2019)
"Form-based river restoration decreases wetland hyporheic exchange: Lessons learned from the Upper Colorado River" by Sparacino et al.(2019)
"ERT and salinity - A method to determine whether ERT-detected preferential pathways in brackish water-irrigated soils are water-induced or an artifact of salinity" by Brindt et al.(2019)
"Groundwater resources evaluation in calcareous limestone using geoelectrical and VLF-EM surveys (El Salloum Basin, Egypt)" by Zarif et al.(2018)
"Methods to estimate changes in soil water for phenotyping root activity in the field" by Whalley et al.(2017)
"Electrical resistivity imaging for long-term autonomous monitoring of hydrocarbon degradation: Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill" by Heenan et al.(2017)
"Scenario Evaluator for Electrical Resistivity (SEER) Survey Pre-Modeling Tool" by Terry et al.(2017)
"Comparing Measurement Response and Inverted Results of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Instruments" by Parsekian et al.(2017)
"Recommendations for Field-Scale Induced Polarization (IP) Data Acquisition and Interpretation" by Zarif et al.(2017)
"Local- and Plot-Scale Measurements of Soil Moisture: Time and Spatially Resolved Field Techniques in Plain, Hill and Mountain Sites" by Raffelli et al.(2017)
"Examining diel patterns of soil and xylem moisture using electrical resistivity imaging" by Mares et al.(2016)
"Preliminary geophysical imaging of nearshore tidal pumping on San Salvador Island utilizing time lapse electrical resistivity tomography" by Florea et al.(2015)
"Plant-soil interactions in salt marsh environments: Experimental evidence from electrical resistivity tomography in the Venice Lagoon" by Boaga et al.(2014)
"A field comparison of multiple techniques to quantify groundwater-surface-water interactions" by González-Pinzón et al.(2014)
"Spatially distributed characterization of hyporheic solute transport during baseflow recession in a headwater mountain stream using electrical geophysical imaging" by Ward et al.(2014)
"Staggered grid inversion of cross hole 2-D resistivity tomography" by Arato et al.(2014)
"A novel grass hybrid to reduce flood generation in temperate regions" by Macleod et al.(2013)
"Analyzing Tidal Fluctuations in the Big Pine Key Freshwater Lens with Time-Lapse Resistivity" MSc thesis by Tucker (2013)
"Hydrologic and geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange during base flow recession in a headwater mountain stream" by Ward et al.(2012)
"Noninvasive Monitoring of Soil Static Characteristics and Dynamic States: A Case Study Highlighting Vegetation Effects on Agricultural Land" by Cassiani et al.(2012)
"Revealing the temporal dynamics of subsurface temperature in a wetland using time-lapse geophysics" by Musgrave and Binley (2011)
"Imaging hyporheic zone solute transport using electrical resistivity" by Ward et al.(2010)
References
Binley, A., 2015, Tools and Techniques: DC Electrical Methods, In: Treatise on Geophysics, 2nd Edition, G Schubert (Ed.), Elsevier., Vol. 11, 233-259, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00192-5. (available from the author on request).Binley, A. and A. Kemna, 2005, Electrical Methods, In: Hydrogeophysics by Rubin and Hubbard (Eds.), 129-156, Springer
Blanchy, G., S. Saneiyan, J. Boyd, P. McLachlan and A. Binley, ResIPy, 2020, an intuitive open source software for complex geoelectrical inversion/modeling in 2D space, Computer & Geosciences, 137, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104423.